Elementary

Montessori Basics: Reality vs. Fantasy

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We all know Montessori classrooms differ vastly from their more conventional, traditional counterparts, and views on how children developmentally react to fantasy and reality are one of the key components of those differences.

You may or may not already know, but Montessori schools discourage the introduction of fantasy to young children (children under the ages of 5 or 6). This means we do not use play kitchens, have a dress-up area in the classroom, or rely on books with dragons and fairies. This often evokes a visceral reaction from those new to the approach, but after learning the scientific reasoning it makes much more sense.

Some people hold a misconception about Montessori regarding their assumption that the method stifles imagination and creativity. The is unequivocally false. We wonder if this misconception stems from tangled definitions of fantasy and imagination, which are two very separate concepts. Fantasy is the stories and ideas drawn from a world which does not exist (those fairies, dragons, talking horses, etc.). Imagination is the ability to conjure images or scenarios in one’s own mind, separate from present sensorial input.

So, what is the difference, really?

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Fantasy is giving wooden fruit to play with instead of a real banana to slice. Fantasy is reading a book about a talking dog rather than reading a book about the different breeds of dogs around the world.

Imagination is a child on the playground pretending they are an eagle because they saw a live one for the first time that weekend. Imagination is children playing ‘family’ because they are driven to practice the roles that are modeled for them in their own homes.

Imagination is inherent in the human mind. It’s where our creativity comes from, and it’s one of the ways we process learning about the amazing world around us.  As Montessorians, we revel in the magic of imagination (and, as children get a bit older, we use it to our advantage, but more on that later).

As Montessorians, we recognize that young children have a difficult time distinguishing the differences between reality and fantasy, and that blending the two within their experience can be confusing.  We also know, from Dr. Montessori’s own observations, that young children typically prefer reality to fantasy.  For example, in her first classroom, she had a dollhouse and read folktales.  Children were far more interested in leaving those activities behind to observe an earthworm or serve tea to visitors.

Our perspective asserts that in a young child’s life, everything they encounter is awe-inspiring and fills them with wonder.  We need not tell them tales of unicorns, in part because they often have a hard time distinguishing between whether they are real or not, but also because an actual horse is just as fantastic to them.  When the whole world is still relatively brand-new, animals, plants, the environment, and real people provide more than enough inspiration for their young minds.

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We all know that even very young children utilize their imaginations (as we mentioned several examples above).  This is a normal and natural part of development which we value and honor.  We would just rather give our students real, authentic opportunities as opposed to presenting them with fake ones.  We know that a three-year-old is fully capable of learning basic food preparation skills, so we guide them and leave them with a sense of empowerment.  Even a toddler is old enough to begin learning how to sweep up a mess on the floor.  Rather than supplying a toy cleaning set, we make available real cleaning tools that are appropriately sized, and we guide young children as they learn to use them effectively.

Once children enter the second plane of development, around age 6, our approach shifts.  We know children are more able to differentiate between reality and fantasy, so we don’t discourage fantasy books (although we do provide plenty of nonfiction).  We also know that children at this age, through about age 12, are highly motivated to learn through the use of their imaginations.  

While we still do not rely on fantasy to drive our teaching, we do lean heavily on imagination for older children.  Several of our most important, foundational lessons about the universe, life on Earth, and humanity itself are delivered with the use of storytelling.  The stories we tell are true, but we allow children to mentally picture themselves in historically critical moments.  Elementary-aged children are seeking to find their own place in the universe, and their developed sense of imagination helps take them there.

So, what are the practical implications of these principles in regards to parenting? We would say give your young children the gift of reality! Give them opportunities to use real tools, to go outside and observe and discuss real things. The younger the child is, the closer to reality everything that you present to them should be.

The Montessori Approach to Monitoring Progress

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Merriam-Webster defines assessment as:

“The Action or an instance of making a judgment about something: the act of assessing something.”

How do guides track progress?

Notes. Notebooks full of thoughtful and detailed handwritten notes. At least that’s the traditional way of recording progress. Many schools are now shifting over to digital platforms that are created specifically for Montessori schools. Still, many Montessori teachers continue to keep their own detailed records by hand.

Montessori teachers are masters of observation. They think like scientists and spend lots of time sitting back and quietly watching the children at work. When they’re not giving lessons, they’re observing. They write all these observations down and then review them later to help decide what lessons to revisit, what new materials to present, or even what parts of the classroom environment need attention or change.

Summative assessment vs. Formative assessment?

Traditional schooling relies a lot on summative assessment. Summative assessment relies on testing, which is usually done at the end of one unit, or a cumulative standardized test at the end of the year. This model is data-driven and typically in a format for adults to measure different points rather than giving students constructive feedback. Montessori relies much more on formative assessment, which allows the teacher to be more flexible and observe the child’s individual learning needs. With this approach, a teacher can assess what the student can accomplish by observing and determining the right time to move on to a new lesson or spend more time on another.

How is Mastery Evaluated?

In other schools, mastery is evaluated by a test score or a letter grade. Generally, in Montessori schools, mastery of a particular lesson or concept is evaluated during the lesson. This is done through a tool developed by Dr. Maria Montessori called the ‘three-period lesson.’

  • First Period: The guide will introduce a skill to the child. For example, “these are the parts of a flower.” They will use images, puzzles, or other representative materials in order to show the child.

  • Second Period: The guide will present the child with some information and let the child show the rest. For example, “What part of the flower is used for pollination?” then they will allow the child to show them.

  • Third Period: The guide will determine if the child can independently express the information they have gathered during previous lessons. For example, “Now it is your turn to label the parts of the flower and explain what each part does. What is this part?”

Once the child is able to complete the Third Period successfully, the guide can assess that they have mastered that lesson. There is no need to give them a letter grade or a formal test; the child has shown you that they understand the lesson and the concept. Through the Montessori approach, assessment is done one-on-one, between the child and the guide. Each child is able to learn and progress at their own pace, continually being challenged and feeling engaged in their learning. The best part? Because of the beauty of the materials and the tone of the classroom, the child perceives this as a sort of game rather than a test to be dreaded.

The Importance of the 6th Grade Year

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Some middle school programs start in 6th grade and many students are curious about this transitional year. Here’s why it’s important to stay in Elementary for that final year.

Culmination of the Childhood Years

The 6th grade year is not only the last year of the elementary cycle; it’s the final year of the second plane of development. Children this age are almost on the brink of adolescence, a period of rapid growth and change. While a 12-year-old child may appear to have entered their adolescent stage, studies have shown this is not always the case. The gap between the child’s physical maturity and their cognitive maturity can contribute to emotional difficulties in the future if they are too quickly moved to an environment in which they are not yet ready. Staying for the final elementary year allows the student to benefit from the stable classroom environment, building upon their social and emotional skills to enter the next phase of their development confidently. By staying in the elementary classroom for their 6th grade year, children have a chance to develop a deeper sense of self-confidence and maturity that will serve them as they enter their adolescent years.

Establishing and Maintaining Relationships

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Traditional public schooling rotates the student body annually, with a new teacher and peers each year. Some middle schools have a different teacher and classroom for each subject. This can make it challenging for the child to form meaningful relationships as they are repeatedly trying to assimilate into a new environment. A Montessori classroom gives each child consistency and the opportunity to maintain long-lasting and secure friendships. The child will feel more comfortable seeking out challenging work and grow into leaders of the classroom, making them model citizens beyond their years of education.

Advanced Curriculum

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Montessori schools take pride in creating a robust Elementary curriculum that includes challenging opportunities that keep students motivated and engaged. Oftentimes you will find that sixth graders in a Montessori classroom are proficient in work that is far above the 6th grade level in a traditional public school. This is because Montessori does not lead the child into fitting a standardized “mold.” Instead, it takes a more specialized approach, allowing the child to explore at their pace and develop a deep sense of confidence and accomplishment. We champion thoughtful leadership and make sure that no child ever feels bored with the work they have available to them.

An Opportunity for Leadership

Because of the child’s mastery of the Montessori work in the elementary classroom, the 6th grade year is the time when they will take advantage of many leadership opportunities. This is paramount to the Montessori academic and social philosophies. When children teach children, it’s not just about knowledge being shared, but also about cultivating world citizens. Teaching each other is an act of kindness and a way for children to practice helping others around them. Through developing confidence in their work and ability, your child will be able to teach work to the other students and ultimately become a leader within their classroom. This provides them with an excellent foundation for a successful secondary education.

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